Effects of pilocarpine and atropine on heart rate

Effects of pilocarpine and atropine on heart rate Abstract Heart rate is controlled in a normal heart by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. Pilocarpine and atropine are cholinergic drugs that affect heart rate by affecting the acetylcholine receptors. A frog heart was used to compare the effects of pilocarpine and atropine on heart rate. Pilocarpine was shown to decrease the heart rate and atropine increased heart rate. These results are consistent with how the two drugs affect the receptors. Introduction Although the heart has autorhythmic cells the heart rate is regulated by the sympathic and parasympathetic nervous systems of the autonomic nervous system (Dahian, 2006; Silverthorn, 2009; Stabler, 2009). Acetylcholine is released by the parasympathetic nervous system to slow heart rate down (Silverthorn, 2009; Stabler, 2009). Pilocarpine and atropine are cholinergic which means they act on acetylcholine either by increases its activity or decreasing the activity (Silverthorn, 2009; Stabler, 2009). These two drugs also act on the muscarinic receptors which means they act mostly on smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands (Silverthorn, 2009). Pilocarpine is a muscarinic receptor agonist and increases the activity of acetylcholine released by the parasympathetic nervous system thus slowing the heart rate (Silverthorn, 2009). Atropine on the other hand is a muscarinic receptor antagonist and competes with acetylcholine for binding on the receptors which means it blocks acetylcholine released by the parasympathic system and allows the heart rate to increase (Silverthorn, 2009). A frog heart has three chambers and the human heart beats faster in a normal state but the mechanisms in both hearts are very similar, so a frog heart can be a good candidate for research to apply to humans (Stabler, 2009). Materials and Methods A frog heart was obtained and hung by placing a hook through the apex of the heart and tying a string to the hook and to a metal rod above. Ringers solution was applied to the heart at 23 degrees Celsius. An oscilloscope monitor was also used to monitor the heart rate. Bottles of pilocarpine and atropine were obtained. A few drops of pilocarpine were dropped on to the suspended frog heart. Results of heart rate were then recorded once the heart rate was stabilized. Room temperature (23C) Ringers solution was then applied to rid the heart of the pilocarpine. A few drops of Atropine were then dropped on to the suspended frog heart. Results of heart rate were again recorded once the heart rate was stabilized. Room temperature Ringers solution was then reapplied to the heart to rid the heart of atropine. (Stabler, 2009) Results Normal, initial heart rate was determined by the oscilloscope to be 60 beats per minute (bpm). The stabilized heart rate of the frog heart after pilocarpine was applied was 45bpm. The stabilized heart rate of the frog heart after atropine was applied was 70bpm. Table 1: Effects of Pilocarpine and Atropine on Heart Rate Solution Heart Rate None 60 Pilocarpine 45 Atropine 70 Rate of the frog heart beat before and after pilocarpine and atropine were applied. Discussion Pilocarpine is a muscarinic receptor agonist that increases the activity of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (Silverthorn, 2009). This means that pilocarpine increases the effects of acetylcholine in the body. As previously noted acetylcholine is used by the parasympathetic nervous system and one of its functions is to slow down the heart rate (Silverthorn, 2009). Therefore since pilocarpine increases the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system, it slows down the heart rate. The results are consistent with the function of pilocarpine. Other experiments have been done that show that pilocarpine decreases heart rate as well (Saad, et al., 2003). Atropine is an anticholinergic drug and acts as a muscarinic receptor antagonist. Atropine competes with acetylcholine for the binding sites on the receptors (Dahian, 2006; Silverthorn, 2009). Once atropine binds it blocks the binding of acetylcholine and thus blocks the effects of acetylcholine (Dahian, 2006; Silverthorn, 2009). As previously noted acetylcholine regulates the heart rate by slowing it down when needed. Since acetylcholine cannot bind the heart rate increases. Thus the results are consistent with the way atropine affects acetylcholine receptors. Dahians results on atropine on rats showed that atropine increased the heart rate (2006). Literature Cited Dahian, A. (2006). Statistical analysis of the effects of atropine and propranolol on the inter-beat interval of rats. Mississippi State University: Biomedical Engineering. Saad, W., Guarda, I. F., Camargo, L., Santos, T., Saad, W. A., Guarda, R. S., et al. (2003). Role of nitric oxide of the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) in the alterations of salivary flow, arterial pressure and heart rate induced by injection of pilocarpine into the MnPO and intraperitoneally. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research , 897-905. Silverthorn, D. U. (2009). Human physiology. San Francisco: Pearson Education. Stabler, S. P. (2009). PhysioEx 8.0 for Human Physiology: Laboratory simulations in physiology. San Francisco: Pearson Education.

America Must Explore Alternate Energy Sources and Cease Dealing with th

America Must Explore Alternate Energy Sources and Cease Dealing with the Corrupt Saudi Government When Mohammed al-Khilewi, a high-ranking official at the Saudi mission to the United Nations, defected to the United States in 1994, he reportedly brought with him fourteen thousand internal government documents. He claimed that these documents proved the Saudi royal family's corruption, human rights abuses, and financial and technical support for terrorist groups such as Hamas, an anti-Israeli group based in Lebanon, and Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda. Al-Khilewi and his lawyer met with two FBI agents and an assistant United States attorney. "We gave them a sampling of the documents and put them on the table," Michael J. Wildes, al-Khilewi's lawyer, said. "But the agents refused to accept them" (Hersh). Al-Khilewi was granted political asylum and never heard from the American government again. He, his wife, and their three children still live in constant fear of reprisals from the long arm of Saudi intelligence. He now wears a bulletproof vest and is constantly bracketed by bodyguards and lives under a false identity. This is an example of the growing American tolerance for Saudi government transgressions. Saudi princes "squander billions of dollars [from the Saudi coffers] on palaces in Spain and at gaming tables in Monaco"(Cockburn) while the Saudi people suffer severe unemployment and inadequate education, a major issue in a nation in which 50 percent of the population is still in school. Religious dissidents are dealt with brutally and quickly in Saudi Arabia by the mutawwa'in&emdash;religious police&emdash;and Saudi women are kept as secluded and unprivileged as those in Afghanistan under Taliban rule. ... ...ays and human rights atrocities without fear of punishment. Works Cited Cockburn, Leslie, and Andrew Cockburn. "Royal Mess." New Yorker online. 28 Nov. 1994.Available<www.newyorker.com/FROM_THE_ARCHIVE/ARCHIVES/?011015fr_archive01> 30 Dec. 2001. Hersh, Seymour M. "King's Ransom." New Yorker online. 22 Oct. 2001. Available <http://newyorker.com/FACT/?011022fa_FACT1> 30 Dec. 2001. Ireland, Doug. "Taking the Bait." In These Times online. 12 Nov. 2001 <www.inthesetimes.com/issue/25/25/feature1.shtml> 30 Dec. 2001. Mayer, Jane. "The House of bin-Laden." New Yorker online. 11 Nov. 2001. Available <www.newyorker.com/FACT/?011112fa_FACT3> 30 Dec. 2001 Surowiecki, James. "The Real Price of Oil." New Yorker online. 3 Dec. 2001. Available <www.newyorker.com/THE_TALK_OF_THE_TOWN/CONTENT/?011203ta_talk_surowiecki> 30 Dec. 2001

Concept of Classical and Modern Management Essay

While classical and scientific management theories come from generally the same school of business thought, there are some distinct differences within the subgroups. First, there’s classical scientific management theory which concentrates on the efficiency of the individual worker. Secondly, you have classical administrative that focuses on the organization rather than the individual worker within. Each have their merits but are also over 100 years old and can have deficiencies in today’s technologically advanced workplace. However, that doesn’t mean that the theories are outdated by any means. You just need to use them as supplements and not a primary or sole management strategy. To understand and implement the classical and scientific management theory basics, you need to know the basis and the pros and cons of the theories. Once you have the basics down, it’ll reduce process procedure problems during implementation. Therefore, before you institute any o f the policies there are a few items to consider: 1. Know the origins of classical and scientific management theory. 2. Understand the pros and cons of scientific and classical management theory. 3. Study cases and examples of scientific and classical management theories. Examine the tenants of classical and scientific management theory Any theory, no matter what the application, won’t work if you don’t understand the basis on which it’s built. One of the basic differences between the two are classical focuses on management and scientific on methods to accomplish good business management. Try: Evaluate the essential aspects of Scientific Management theory. Then, examine the comparison of the two types of management in this article on the Classical Schools of Management. Be sure you know the pros and cons of classical theory in business There’s no single management theory that you’ll be able to apply to every situation and have it work. For instance, the classical school of management relies on the experience of management more than other theories. This is fine if your staff is mature. However, you’ll need to adjust the theory application for inexperienced staff members. Try: Study the benefits and limitations on the Scientific Management Theory at 12manage – The Executive Fast Track. Then, examine the weaknesses of Classical Management theory at ArticlesGratuits.com to compare and contrast the two. Use case studies and real world examples to understand scientific and classical school of management A proper knowledge base can’t be obtained without seeing how theories apply to situations that you’ll experience on the job. Case studies and critiques are a great way to accomplish this. Try: Register at the Business Network and evaluate the classical school of management case study. Utilize the classical management real world mistake by Steven C. McConnell. †¢Classical theory of management or any style of management is contingent on the employees to which you apply it. Be sure that the theory you choose will work correctly with your staff before making any changes.

Similarities And Differences Between The Chimney Sweeper...

Both â€Å"The Chimney Sweepers† poems were written during the industrial revolution. During the industrial revolution families were living in poverty, and times were challenging. Often times for families to survive they would sell their children to master sweeps, or master sweeps would welcome orphans and homeless children into the industry of menial labour. They used children between the ages of five to ten depending on their size. Parents would often sell their children younger, because their small frames were more desirable. Even though â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† (1789) and â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† (1794) were written five years apart they show many similarities and differences. A major difference between the two puzzles is the way the author†¦show more content†¦Never mind it, for when your head’s bare, You know that the soot cannot spoil your white hair† (line 6-8). Also in the fifth stanza Tom describes his dream. â€Å"Then naked and white, all their bags left behind, They rise upon clouds and sport in the wind; And the angel told Tom, if he’d be a good boy, He’d have God for his father, and never want joy† (line 21-24). He dreams that after chimney sweepers die they go on to see God and live happily. The children just have to pay the price on earth before they have happiness, but they were all very hopeful. However, the children’s mood changes completely in Songs of Experience. â€Å"And because I am happy and sing, They think they have done me no injury† (line 9-10). The children are becoming more and more bitter. All their hope is being lost overtime. Now the children don’t think they hav e a plan for the future. This lifestyle has had a major impact on their life. Being chimney sweepers, being tormented and having to endure terrible conditions. The absence of the parents in both poems is noticeable. 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